Health Test Results Explained

MCV

Measures average red blood cell size and helps detect anemia types

fL

MCH

MCH shows hemoglobin per red blood cell and helps detect anemia types.

pg

MCHC

MCHC shows hemoglobin concentration in red blood cells and helps detect anemia.

g/dL

RDW

RDW shows variation in red blood cell size and helps detect anemia.

%

Hemoglobin

Measures oxygen-carrying capacity of blood and helps detect anemia and related conditions.

g/dL

Hematocrit (HCT)

Hematocrit shows red blood cell percentage and helps detect anemia or dehydration.

%

RBC

RBC blood test measures oxygen-carrying cells in blood

x10^12/L

WBC

Measures immune system activity and helps detect infection or inflammation.

x10^9/L

ANA

ANA test detects autoimmune antibodies targeting cell nuclei and helps screen for systemic autoimmune diseases.

titer (ratio)

Absolute Neutrophil Count

Measures neutrophils to assess immune defense and infection risk.

x10^9/L

Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes are immune cells that indicate how your body responds to infections and immune system activity.

x10^9/L

Platelets

Platelets enable blood clotting and help assess bleeding or clotting disorders.

x10^9/L

Monocytes

Monocytes support immune defense by clearing infections and reflecting inflammation levels in blood tests.

x10^9/L

Blood pH

Blood pH reflects acid-base balance and helps assess lung and kidney function.

pH (log scale)

MPV

MPV shows platelet size and helps assess clotting function and bone marrow activity.

fL

pCO2

Measures carbon dioxide pressure in blood to assess lung function and acid-base balance.

mmHg

Platelet Distribution Width

Measures platelet size variation to assess bone marrow activity and inflammation.

fL

pO2

Measures oxygen pressure in blood to assess lung gas exchange and oxygen delivery.

mmHg

SaO2

Measures how much oxygen hemoglobin carries to assess respiratory efficiency and tissue oxygenation.

%

G6PD

Measures enzyme protecting red blood cells from oxidative damage and hemolysis.

U/g Hb

Eosinophils

Eosinophils are immune cells that reflect allergic activity and parasitic defense in a blood test.

x10^9/L

Absolute Neutrophil Count

Measures neutrophil levels to assess infection risk and immune system strength.

cells/µL

sFlt-1

Placental protein used to assess preeclampsia risk via sFlt-1/PlGF ratio.

pg/mL

LDH

LDH is an enzyme indicating tissue damage and cellular breakdown in the body.

U/L

Creatine Kinase

Measures muscle enzyme levels to detect tissue damage and monitor muscle or heart health.

U/L

Reticulocyte Count

Measures young red blood cells to assess bone marrow activity and anemia causes.

x10^9/L

Basophils

Basophils are immune cells that reflect allergic and inflammatory activity in a blood test.

x10^9/L

Ferritin

Ferritin shows iron stores and helps detect deficiency or overload.

ng/mL

Total Protein

Measures albumin and globulin levels to assess nutrition, liver, kidney, and immune health.

g/L

Globulin

Globulin blood test showing immune and liver protein balance.

g/dL

A/G ratio

Protein balance marker showing albumin to globulin ratio in blood.

ratio

Phosphate

Phosphate blood test shows mineral balance, kidney function, and bone metabolism.

mg/dL

Lactate

Lactate reflects oxygen balance and helps detect metabolic stress or lactic acidosis.

mmol/L

Pyruvate

Pyruvate reflects cellular energy production and helps assess metabolic and oxygen-related disorders.

mmol/L

Homocysteine

Homocysteine is a blood marker of vitamin status and cardiovascular risk.

µmol/L

Amylase

Amylase blood test evaluates pancreatic enzyme levels and helps detect digestive or pancreatic disorders.

U/L

Lipase

Lipase is a pancreatic enzyme measured in blood to assess fat digestion and pancreatic function.

U/L

Uric Acid

Measures purine metabolism waste to assess kidney function and metabolic balance.

mg/dL

Osmolality

Measures fluid concentration to assess hydration and electrolyte balance.

mOsm/kg

Prealbumin

Prealbumin blood test measures short-term nutritional status and protein levels in the body.

mg/dL

Copper

Copper blood test evaluates copper levels for metabolism, iron balance, and neurological health.

mcg/dL

HbA1c

HbA1c shows average blood sugar over 3 months and helps diagnose diabetes.

%

LDL Cholesterol

LDL cholesterol measures "bad" cholesterol linked to cardiovascular risk.

mmol/L

Non-HDL Cholesterol

Measures total "bad" cholesterol to assess cardiovascular risk and plaque formation.

mmol/L

Triglycerides

Measures blood fat levels to assess energy metabolism and cardiovascular risk.

mmol/L

Apolipoprotein A1

Apolipoprotein A1 measures protective HDL protein levels and cardiovascular risk.

mg/dL

Apolipoprotein B

Measures number of atherogenic cholesterol particles to assess cardiovascular risk.

g/L

Lipoprotein(a)

Genetic cholesterol particle test assessing hidden cardiovascular risk beyond standard lipid markers.

mg/dL

VLDL

VLDL carries triglycerides in blood and reflects fat metabolism and cardiovascular risk.

mmol/L

Total Cholesterol

Measures total cholesterol in blood to assess cardiovascular risk and lipid balance.

mmol/L

HDL Cholesterol

HDL cholesterol removes excess lipids from blood and protects against cardiovascular disease.

mmol/L

Total Bilirubin

Total bilirubin shows liver function and red blood cell breakdown efficiency.

µmol/L

ALT

ALT is a liver enzyme used to detect damage and monitor liver function.

U/L

ALP

ALP blood test marker for liver and bone activity

U/L

Albumin

Albumin blood test shows liver, kidney, and hydration status.

g/L

AST

AST blood test measures liver and muscle enzyme levels indicating tissue damage or inflammation.

U/L

GGT

GGT blood test measures liver enzyme linked to bile ducts and detects early liver stress or damage.

U/L

Direct Bilirubin

Measures processed bilirubin to assess liver function and bile flow.

mg/dL

Indirect Bilirubin

Measures unconjugated bilirubin to assess red blood cell breakdown and liver processing function.

mg/dL

Creatinine

Kidney function marker reflecting filtration efficiency and muscle metabolism balance.

mg/dL

BUN

BUN blood test shows kidney function and protein metabolism status.

mg/dL

eGFR

eGFR blood test measures kidney filtration rate and helps detect kidney disease stages early.

mL/min/1.73m²

Cystatin C

Sensitive kidney marker reflecting filtration rate and early dysfunction

mg/L

BUN Creatinine Ratio

Ratio of urea to creatinine used to assess kidney function and hydration status.

ratio

Free T4

Free T4 measures active thyroid hormone to assess metabolism and thyroid gland function.

pmol/L

Free T3

Free T3 shows active thyroid hormone levels and helps assess metabolism and thyroid function.

pg/mL

Reverse T3

Reverse T3 regulates metabolism by opposing T3 and reflects thyroid hormone conversion efficiency.

ng/dL

Total T4

Measures total thyroxine to assess thyroid function and metabolic activity.

µg/dL

Total T3

Total T3 measures active thyroid hormone levels to assess metabolism and thyroid function.

ng/dL

CK-MB

Heart-specific enzyme used to detect and time cardiac muscle damage.

ng/mL

Myoglobin

Myoglobin reflects muscle damage and helps detect early injury in blood tests.

mcg/L

Troponin I

Troponin I detects heart muscle injury and is essential for diagnosing heart attacks.

pg/mL

Troponin T

Cardiac protein measured in blood to detect heart muscle damage.

ng/L

BNP

BNP measures heart stress and helps detect heart failure and fluid overload.

pg/mL

NT-proBNP

NT-proBNP measures heart strain and helps diagnose and monitor heart failure.

ng/L

Insulin

Measures insulin levels to detect insulin resistance and metabolic disorders.

µU/mL

PTH

PTH blood test measures calcium regulation and parathyroid function.

pg/mL

TSH

TSH controls thyroid hormone production and helps assess thyroid function and hormonal balance.

mIU/L

hCG

hCG blood test measures pregnancy hormone levels and monitors early pregnancy progression.

mIU/mL

Progesterone

Hormone that confirms ovulation and supports pregnancy via progesterone blood test levels.

ng/mL

PAPP-A

Placental protein marker used to assess pregnancy risks and fetal development.

MoM

Estradiol

Estradiol blood test evaluates estrogen levels to assess reproductive and hormonal health.

pg/mL

Luteinizing Hormone

Luteinizing hormone regulates ovulation and testosterone production, making it key for fertility and hormonal health assessment.

IU/L

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

FSH regulates reproductive function and is measured to assess fertility, menopause, and hormonal balance.

mIU/mL

Free Beta hCG

Placental hormone marker used in pregnancy screening and tumor detection.

IU/L

Placental Growth Factor

PlGF blood test measures placental function and helps detect pre-eclampsia risk.

pg/ml

Total Testosterone

Measures total testosterone to assess hormonal balance, reproductive health, and metabolic function.

ng/dL

AMH

AMH blood test evaluates ovarian reserve and fertility potential in women.

ng/mL

Free Testosterone

Measures active testosterone available for body use and hormonal balance assessment.

ng/dL

SHBG

Protein that binds sex hormones and controls their activity in the blood.

nmol/L

Antral Follicle Count

Ultrasound measure of ovarian reserve showing the number of available egg follicles.

count

Prolactin

Prolactin controls reproductive hormones and helps assess pituitary and fertility health.

ng/mL

DHEA-S

Measures adrenal androgen production to assess hormone balance and adrenal gland function.

mcg/dL

Growth Hormone

Growth hormone regulates growth and metabolism and helps assess pituitary function.

ng/mL

IGF-1

IGF-1 reflects growth hormone activity and helps assess growth, metabolism, and endocrine function.

ng/mL

ACTH

ACTH controls cortisol production and helps assess pituitary and adrenal gland function.

pg/mL

Cortisol

Cortisol regulates stress, metabolism, and blood pressure, assessed via blood test.

mcg/dL

FAI

FAI estimates active testosterone levels and helps assess hormonal balance and androgen-related conditions.

%

Androstenedione

Hormone precursor test used to assess androgen production and endocrine function.

ng/dL

17-Hydroxyprogesterone

Measures adrenal hormone precursor to assess cortisol production and detect enzyme deficiencies.

ng/dL

Aldosterone

Hormone regulating salt balance and blood pressure, measured to assess adrenal and kidney function.

ng/dL

Plasma Renin Activity

Measures renin activity to evaluate blood pressure regulation and hormonal balance.

ng/mL/hr

EPO

Erythropoietin (EPO) regulates red blood cell production and reflects oxygen balance and kidney function.

mU/mL

Antidiuretic Hormone

ADH controls water retention and helps assess hydration and kidney function.

pg/mL

25-OH Vitamin D

Vitamin D blood test shows body stores and bone health status.

nmol/L

Vitamin B1

Vitamin B1 supports energy metabolism and nerve function; testing helps detect deficiency or excess levels.

nmol/L

Vitamin B2

Vitamin B2 supports energy metabolism and helps assess nutritional and metabolic health status.

mcg/L

Vitamin B6

Vitamin B6 supports metabolism and nerve health; testing helps detect deficiency or toxicity.

nmol/L

EGRAC

Functional blood test measuring vitamin B2 status via enzyme activity in red blood cells.

ratio

Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12 supports nerves and blood cells; testing helps detect deficiency or elevated levels.

ng/L

Folate

Folate supports DNA synthesis and red blood cell formation, and its level reflects recent vitamin B9 status.

ng/mL

Methylmalonic Acid

Sensitive marker of cellular Vitamin B12 status and early deficiency detection.

nmol/L

RBC Folate

Measures long-term folate stores in red blood cells to detect deficiency and support anemia diagnosis.

ng/mL

Flavin Mononucleotide

Active vitamin B2 form measured to assess cellular energy metabolism and functional riboflavin status.

nmol/L

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide

FAD measures active Vitamin B2 supporting energy production and metabolic enzyme function.

nmol/L

Vitamin A

Measures retinol levels to assess vitamin A status, vision function, and nutritional balance.

µg/dL

Vitamin E

Vitamin E measures antioxidant status and helps detect deficiency or fat absorption disorders.

mg/L

Zinc

Zinc supports immunity and enzyme function; blood testing evaluates deficiency or excess.

µg/dL

Vitamin C

Vitamin C blood level reflects antioxidant status, immune function, and nutritional intake.

mg/dL

Vitamin K

Vitamin K supports blood clotting and bone health, and its blood test evaluates deficiency or excess levels.

ng/mL

Beta Carotene

Measures beta carotene levels to assess vitamin A status and fat absorption.

mcg/dL

Prothrombin Time

Measures blood clotting speed to assess coagulation function and bleeding or thrombosis risk.

seconds

INR

Standardized blood test measuring clotting time and anticoagulation status.

ratio

aPTT

Measures blood clotting speed to assess coagulation function and bleeding or thrombosis risk.

seconds

Fibrinogen

Fibrinogen is a clotting protein that forms fibrin and reflects blood clotting and inflammation status.

g/L

D-dimer

D-dimer detects clot breakdown and helps rule out thrombosis in blood tests.

ng/mL FEU

Thrombin Time

Measures the final step of blood clot formation by assessing fibrinogen conversion into fibrin.

seconds

CRP

CRP blood test marker of inflammation and infection

mg/L

ESR

ESR blood test shows inflammation level by measuring red blood cell sedimentation rate.

mm/hr

Procalcitonin

Procalcitonin helps detect bacterial infections and assess sepsis severity in a blood test.

ng/mL

High-sensitivity CRP

Measures low-grade inflammation to assess cardiovascular risk and vascular health.

mg/L

Fibrinogen

Fibrinogen is a clotting protein that forms fibrin and reflects blood clotting and inflammation status.

g/L

HbA1c

HbA1c shows average blood sugar over 3 months and helps diagnose diabetes.

%

FPG

Fasting glucose test showing baseline blood sugar control

mmol/L

eAG

eAG shows average blood sugar over 2–3 months in mg/dL.

mg/dl

C-peptide

C-peptide level reflects natural insulin production and pancreatic function.

ng/mL

Fructosamine

Short-term blood sugar marker reflecting 2–3 week glucose control.

µmol/L

IAA

Measures antibodies against insulin to detect autoimmune diabetes and treatment-related immune response.

U/mL

Glucose

Normal glucose level is 3.9–5.4 mmol/L; key marker of metabolic and diabetes health.

mmol/L

GAD

Autoimmune marker for Type 1 diabetes and LADA diagnosis

IU/mL

IA-2

Autoimmune marker for type 1 diabetes diagnosis

U/mL

ZnT8

ZnT8 antibodies indicate autoimmune diabetes risk and pancreatic beta-cell damage.

U/mL

OGTT

Measures how the body processes glucose over time to detect diabetes and insulin dysfunction.

mmol/L

HOMA-IR

HOMA-IR estimates insulin resistance using fasting glucose and insulin levels.

index

Calcium

Calcium blood test shows bone, kidney, and hormone balance.

mg/dL

Magnesium

Magnesium blood test detects deficiency or excess affecting muscles, nerves, and heart.

mg/dL

Ionized Calcium

Active calcium level reflecting true physiological calcium status

mg/dL

Potassium

Potassium blood test shows electrolyte balance and explains high potassium symptoms and risks.

mmol/L

Sodium

Sodium maintains fluid balance and nerve function, helping assess hydration and electrolyte status.

mmol/L

Chloride

Chloride regulates fluid balance and pH, helping assess hydration and electrolyte status.

mmol/L

Anion Gap

Anion gap shows acid-base balance and helps detect metabolic acidosis causes.

mmol/L

Bicarbonate

Bicarbonate regulates blood pH and reflects acid-base balance in metabolic and respiratory function.

mmol/L

Ferritin

Ferritin shows iron stores and helps detect deficiency or overload.

ng/mL

Serum Iron

Serum iron shows circulating iron levels and helps detect deficiency or overload.

µg/dL

Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC)

Measures iron transport capacity via transferrin.

µg/dL

Transferrin Saturation (Iron Saturation, TSAT)

Iron transport marker showing percentage of transferrin bound to iron

%

UIBC

UIBC measures unused iron-binding capacity and helps detect iron deficiency or overload.

µg/dL

Transferrin

Transferrin carries iron in blood and helps assess iron deficiency or overload.

mg/dL

Soluble Transferrin Receptor

Measures cellular iron demand to detect iron deficiency and assess red blood cell production.

mg/L

MCHC

MCHC shows hemoglobin concentration in red blood cells and helps detect anemia.

g/dL

RDW

RDW shows variation in red blood cell size and helps detect anemia.

%

Thyroglobulin

Marker of thyroid tissue activity used to monitor thyroid cancer and treatment outcomes.

ng/mL

Calcitonin

Calcitonin is a thyroid hormone used as a tumor marker for detecting and monitoring medullary thyroid cancer.

pg/mL

CEA

CEA is a tumor marker used to monitor cancer treatment and detect recurrence through blood levels.

ng/mL

CA 19-9

Tumor marker used to monitor pancreatic and biliary diseases and treatment response.

U/mL

CA 125

Tumor marker used to monitor ovarian cancer and pelvic inflammation.

U/mL

HE4

HE4 is a tumor marker blood test used to assess ovarian cancer risk and monitor treatment response.

pmol/L

Alpha Fetoprotein

AFP is a tumor marker used to assess liver cancer, germ cell tumors, and pregnancy-related conditions.

ng/mL

PSA

PSA is a prostate protein used in blood tests to assess prostate health and detect abnormalities.

ng/mL

Free PSA

Free PSA percentage helps assess prostate cancer risk and interpret PSA blood test results.

%

PIVKA-II

Marker of abnormal prothrombin used to detect liver cancer and Vitamin K deficiency.

mAU/mL

Free Beta hCG

Placental hormone marker used in pregnancy screening and tumor detection.

IU/L

ACR

ACR test detects early kidney damage by measuring urine protein levels.

mg/g

Urine Protein

Urine protein indicates kidney filtration integrity and helps detect early kidney damage or stress.

g/L

Urinary Riboflavin

Urinary riboflavin reflects recent vitamin B2 intake and helps detect deficiency or excess.

µg/g creatinine

Urine Creatinine

Urine creatinine reflects kidney filtration and helps standardize urine test results.

mmol/L

UPEP

UPEP test detects abnormal urine proteins and helps diagnose kidney and plasma cell disorders.

mg/24h

Urine Albumin Creatinine Ratio

Measures albumin loss in urine to detect early kidney damage and monitor kidney function.

mg/mmol

Urine PCR

Measures protein loss in urine to assess kidney function and detect early damage.

mg/g

Urine Osmolality

Measures urine concentration to assess hydration and kidney function.

mOsm/kg

Urine Specific Gravity

Measures urine concentration to assess hydration and kidney function.

ratio

Urine pH

Urine pH shows acidity level and helps assess kidney function and metabolic balance.

pH unit

Urine Glucose

Urine glucose indicates excess blood sugar spilling into urine due to metabolic or kidney imbalance.

mmol/L

Urine Ketones

Urine ketones indicate fat metabolism and help detect ketosis or diabetic ketoacidosis risk.

mg/dL

Blood in Urine

Detects red blood cells in urine to assess urinary tract and kidney health.

RBC/HPF

Urine Leukocytes

Urine leukocytes detect inflammation or infection in the urinary tract through white blood cell presence.

cells/HPF

Urine Nitrites

Detects bacteria in urine by identifying nitrate-to-nitrite conversion, used for rapid UTI screening.

neg/pos

24-Hour Urine Copper

Measures copper excretion to assess liver function and detect copper metabolism disorders.

µg/24h

Anti-dsDNA

Anti dsDNA measures autoimmune antibodies targeting DNA, used to diagnose and monitor lupus activity.

IU/mL

Anti-Smith Antibody

Lupus-specific autoantibody test used to confirm systemic autoimmune disease.

U/mL

Complement C3

Complement C3 is an immune protein measured to assess inflammation and autoimmune activity.

g/L

Anti-U1 RNP

Detects autoimmune antibodies linked to connective tissue diseases and immune system dysfunction.

AI

Complement C4

Complement C4 is an immune protein measured to assess inflammation and autoimmune activity.

mg/dL

CH50

Measures total complement system activity to assess immune function and inflammation.

U/mL

IgE

IgE measures allergic immune response and helps identify hypersensitivity and immune disorders.

kU/L

Specific IgE

Measures allergen-specific antibodies to identify and manage allergic reactions.

kU/L

Total IgE

Measures total allergic antibody levels to assess immune response and allergy risk.

IU/mL

Anti-TPO

Measures thyroid antibodies to detect autoimmune thyroid activity and assess thyroid dysfunction risk.

IU/mL

IgG

IgG measures long-term immune response and helps detect infections, inflammation, and immune system disorders.

g/L

Immunoglobulin A

IgA is an antibody that protects mucosal surfaces and helps assess immune and inflammatory conditions.

mg/dL

Anti-TG

Measures thyroid antibodies to detect autoimmune activity and monitor thyroid disease or cancer recurrence.

IU/mL

IgM

IgM is an early immune antibody used to detect infections and assess immune system activity.

mg/dL

SPEP

SPEP analyzes blood protein fractions to detect immune, liver, and plasma cell disorders.

g/dL

tTG IgA

tTG IgA detects immune response to gluten and screens for celiac disease.

U/mL

Serum Free Light Chains

Measures free antibody light chains to detect plasma cell disorders and monitor immune activity.

mg/L

Immunofixation Electrophoresis

Identifies and classifies abnormal monoclonal proteins in blood or urine.

qualitative

Endomysial Antibody IgA

Highly specific blood test detecting autoimmune response to gluten in celiac disease.

titer (ratio)

Deamidated Gliadin Antibodies

Detects immune response to gluten for celiac disease screening and monitoring.

U/mL

Islet Cell Antibodies

Islet cell antibodies detect autoimmune damage to pancreatic cells and help diagnose Type 1 diabetes.

JDF units

Interleukin-6

Interleukin-6 measures immune system activity and helps detect inflammation in the body.

pg/mL

TRAb

Measures autoimmune antibodies affecting thyroid function and helps diagnose Graves' disease.

IU/L

Interleukin 10

Anti-inflammatory cytokine that regulates immune response and controls inflammation balance.

pg/mL

Interleukin-8

Interleukin-8 attracts neutrophils and reflects active inflammation in the body.

pg/mL

TNF Alpha

TNF alpha is an immune protein measured to assess inflammation and autoimmune activity.

pg/mL

Ceruloplasmin

Ceruloplasmin transports copper and helps assess copper metabolism and inflammation.

mg/dL